About

Hudson-Smith, A. (2025). Album: Place and Space.

Hudson-Smith, A., Wilson, D., & Signorelli, V. (2025). Turing’s Dream. In Cities in the Metaverse (pp. 94-110). Chapman and Hall/CRC. doi:10.1201/9781003440437-6

Ma, D., Hudson-Smith, A., De Jode, M., & Leah, L. (2025). Open-Source LoRaWAN Sensors for Distributed IoT Networks: Crowdsourced Environmental Data Collection for Climate Resilient Cities. In Proceedings 2025 21st International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things Dcoss Iot 2025 (pp. 936-943). doi:10.1109/DCOSS-IoT65416.2025.00142

Signorelli, V., Lovett, L., Hudson-Smith, A., & Hay, D. (2025). From interfaces to memories: re-constructing and transmitting memories of play. In A. Burn, J. Potter, K. Cowan, & J. Bishop (Eds.), Playing the Archive. From the Opies to the digital playground (pp. 170-201). London, UK: UCLPress. doi:10.14324/111.9781800083745

Lovett, L., Hudson-Smith, A., & Gosling, S. (2025, January 9). Babel, Babble [Exhibition]. Marshgate, UCL East.

Ma, D., Hudson-Smith, A., De Jode, M., & Lovett, L. (2025). Sensing and Analysing Urban Heat Islands Using Internet of Things: A Real Time Microclimate Network for London. In Urban Book Series (Vol. Part F1191, pp. 247-261). doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98300-9_14

Hudson-Smith, A., Wilson, D., & Signorelli, V. (2025). Cities in the Metaverse: Spatial Computing, Digital Twins, Avatars, Economics and Digital Habitation on the New Frontier. doi:10.1201/9781003440437

Vigliocco, G., Convertino, L., De Felice, S., Gregorians, L., Kewenig, V., Mueller, M., . . . Spiers, H. (2024). Ecological Brain: Reframing the Study of Human Behaviour and Cognition. Royal Society Open Science.

Lovett, L., Signorelli, V., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2024). Exploring the Materiality of Augmented Reality Markers through Arts-Led Cocreation: Drawing, Weaving, and Tiling. Leonardo, 388-395. doi:10.1162/leon_a_02542

Ma, D., Brousse, O., Hudson-Smith, A., & De Jode, M. (2024). Using Bespoke LoRaWAN Heat Sensors to Explore Microclimate Effects within the London Urban Heat Islands– A Pilot Study in East London. In 32nd Annual GIS Research UK Conference (GISRUK). University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10897767

Marshall, S., Farndon, D., Hudson-Smith, A., Kourniotis, A., & Karadimitriou, N. (2024). Urban Design and Planning Participation in the Digital Age: Lessons from an Experimental Online Platform. Smart Cities, 7(1), 615-632. doi:10.3390/smartcities7010025

Lovett, L., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2023, November 3). Tellus Mater: an AI that thinks it is the spirit of the Earth itself (No. Of Pieces: 2) [Exhibition]. Marshgate, UCL East.

Pearlman, N., Hudson-Smith, A., Lovett, L., McEwan, J., & Signorelli, V. (2023). Bridging Worlds: Novel panoramic capture and virtual navigation of exhibition spaces. In ICOM AVICOM Conference “Sustainable Preservation and Promotion of Heritage: The Virtual Museum”. St Andrews. Retrieved from https://avicom.mini.icom.museum/fimp-media-festival-and-general-assembly-conference-2023-welcome-to-st-andrews/

Hudson-Smith, A., & Batty, M. (2024). Designing the urban metaverse Visual analytics for urban design. In H. Kamalipour, P. Aelbrecht, & N. Peimani (Eds.), ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF URBAN DESIGN RESEARCH METHODS (pp. 427-438). ROUTLEDGE. doi:10.4324/9781003168621-48

Hudson-Smith, A., Signorelli, V., Dawkins, O., & Batty, M. (2023). More Than One Twin:  An Ecology of Model Applications in East London. In L. Wan, T. Nochta, J. Tang, & J. Schooling (Eds.), Digital Twins for Smart Cities: Conceptualisation for Challenges and Practices. London, UK: Institution of Civil Engineers. Retrieved from https://bookstore.emerald.com/digital-twins-for-smart-cities-hb.html

Karadimitriou, N., Magnani, G., Timmerman, R., Marshall, S., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2022). Designing an incubator of public spaces platform: Applying cybernetic principles to the co-creation of spaces. Land Use Policy, 119. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106187

Hudson-Smith, A., & Shakeri, M. (2022). The Future’s Not What It Used To Be: Urban Wormholes, Simulation, Participation, and Planning in the Metaverse. Urban Planning, 7(2), 214-217. doi:10.17645/up.v7i2.5893

Hudson-Smith, A. (2022). Incoming Metaverses: Digital Mirrors for Urban Planning. Urban Planning, 7(2), 343-354. doi:10.17645/up.v7i2.5193

Hudson‐Smith, A., & Batty, M. (2022). Ubiquitous geographic information in the emergent Metaverse. Transactions in GIS. doi:10.1111/tgis.12932

Valeonti, F., Bikakis, A., Terras, M., Speed, C., Hudson-Smith, A., & Chalkias, K. (2021). Crypto collectibles, museum funding and openGLAM: Challenges, opportunities and the potential of non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Applied Sciences, 11(21). doi:10.3390/app11219931

Hudson-Smith, A., Wilson, D., Gray, S., & Dawkins, O. (2021). Urban IoT: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities for Mass Data Collection, Analysis, and Visualization. In Urban Book Series (pp. 701-719). doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_38

Lovett, L., Hay, D., De Jode, M., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2021). Mobile Communications Technologies in Tree Time: The Listening Wood. Leonardo. doi:10.1162/leon_a_02006

Hay, D., Lovett, L., De Jode, M., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2020). Walking in Tree Time. In H. Billinghurst, C. Hind, & P. Smith (Eds.), Walking Bodies Papers, Provocations, Actions from Walking’s New Movements, the Conference. Triarchy Press.

Deschamps-Sonsino, A., Hudson-Smith, A., & Wilson, D. (2020). The Little Book of Public Space and the Internet of Things. Imagination Lancaster, Lancaster University.

Hugel, S., Hudson-Smith, A., & Roumpani, F. (2020). Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technologies – Smart Cities and Real-Time Big Data. In A. Aurigi, & K. S. Willis (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Smart Cities. Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315178387-26/self-monitoring-analysis-reporting-technologies-andrew-hudson-smith-stephan-h%C3%BCgel-flora-roumpani

Valeonti, F., Terras, M., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2020). How open is OpenGLAM? Identifying barriers to commercial and non-commercial reuse of digitised art images. Journal of Documentation. doi:10.1108/JD-06-2019-0109

Lovett, L., Hay, D., De Jode, M., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2019). Walking in Tree Time: The Listening Wood Project. In Walking’s New Movements. University of Plymouth.

Signorelli, V., Burn, A., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2019). Experience imagined worlds, co-creation and interpretation of play’s memories by the means of tangible and digital technologies. In UKLA 55th International Conference. Sheffield, UK.

de Jode, M., Lovett, L., Hay, D., Hudson-Smith, A., Milton, R., & Fraser, L. (2019). Internet of Things of Trees – Conversational objects via SMS protocols. In Living in the Internet of Things (IoT 2019) – CP756 Vol. 2019. London, UK: IET. doi:10.1049/cp.2019.0155

Hudson-Smith, A., Wilson, D., Hay, D., & Gray, S. (2019). Little Book of Connected Environments and the Internet of Things. UK: ImaginationLancaster, Lancaster University. Retrieved from https://petras-iot.org/update/petras-little-books/

Marshall, S., Hudson-Smith, A., & Farndon, D. (2019). Digital participation – taking ‘planning’ into the third dimension. Town and Country Planning -London- Town and Country Planning Association-, 88(1), 11-14.

Valeonti, F., Terras, M., Hudson-Smith, A., & Zarkali, C. (2019). Examining Mobile Print-on-Demand as an Alternative to Image Licensing for Monetising Digitisation to Promote OpenGLAM. In MW19: Museums and the Web 2019. Boston, Massachusettes, USA. Retrieved from https://mw19.mwconf.org/paper/examining-mobile-print-on-demand-as-an-alternative-to-image-licensing-for-monetising-digitisation-to-promote-openglam/

Valeonti, F., Terras, M., Hudson-Smith, A., & Zarkali, C. (2019). Exploring new business models for monetising digitisation beyond image licensing to promote adoption of OpenGLAM. In EVA Berlin 2018: Electronic Media and Visual Arts (pp. 274-280). Berlin, Germany: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.

Roumpani, F., Hudson, P., & Hudson-Smith, A. P. (2018). The Use of Historical Data in Rule-Based Modelling for Scenarios to Improve Resilience within the Building Stock. The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice. doi:10.1080/17567505.2018.1517142

Kwon, H., & Hudson-Smith, A. P. (2018). Redesigning Experience Consumption in Social VR Worlds : Decentralised Value Creation, Mobilisation, and Exchanges. In Academic Design Management Conference. London.

Valeonti, F., Hudson-Smith, A. P., Terras, M., & Zarkali, C. (2018). Reaping the Benefits of Digitisation: Pilot study exploring revenue generation from digitised collections through technological innovation. In Electronic Visualisation and the Arts (EVA 2018). London: BCS: The Chartered Institute for IT. doi:10.14236/ewic/EVA2018.11

Toumpalidis, I., Cheliotis, K., Roumpani, F., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2018). VR binoculars: An immersive visualization framework for IoT data streams. In Proceedings of the IEEE  Living in the Internet of Things: Cybersecurity of the IoT – 2018 (pp. 1-7). London, UK: IEEE. doi:10.1049/cp.2018.0039

Milton, R., Hay, D., Gray, S., Buyuklieva, B., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2018). Smart IoT and soft AI. In IET Conference Publications Vol. 2018.

Milton, R., Hudson-Smith, A., Buyuklieva, B., Gray, S., & Hay, D. (2018). Talking to GNOMEs: Exploring privacy and trust around internet of things devices in a public space. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – Proceedings Vol. 2018-April. doi:10.1145/3170427.3188481

Tyler, P., Allpress, S., Carr, M., Lupo, E., Norton, J., Smith, L., . . . Westbury, P. S. (2018). Internet of Things: realising the potential of a trusted smart world. London: Royal Academy of Engineering. Retrieved from https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/reports/internet-of-things-realising-the-potential-of-a-tr

Hay, D., Buyuklieva, B., Daothong, J., Edmonds, B., Hudson-Smith, A., Milton, R., & Wood, J. (2018). IoT in the wild: What negotiating public deployments can tell us about the state of the internet of things. In Living in the Internet of Things: Cybersecurity of the IoT – 2018. London, UK: The Institution of Engineering and Technology. doi:10.1049/cp.2018.0017

Dawkins, O., Dennett, A., & Hudson-Smith, A. P. (2018). Living with a Digital Twin: Operational management and engagement using IoT and Mixed Realities at UCL’s Here East Campus on the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. In Giscience and Remote Sensing. Leicester: V.H. Winston & Son.

Batty, M., Hudson-Smith, A., Hugel, S., & Roumpani, F. (2017). Visualising data for smart cities. In Smart Technologies Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (pp. 453-475). doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2589-9.ch021

Caneparo, L., Rolfo, D., Bonavero, F., van Reusel, H., Verbeke, J., Hudson-Smith, A., & Karadimitriou, N. (2017). Semantic Analysis of Public Spaces in Brussels, London and Turin living labs: A Taxonomy of Interventions. In Incubators Conference Proceedings: Urban Living Labs for Public Space, a New Generation of Planning?. Faculty of Architecture, KU Leuven.

Crooks, A., Schechtner, K., Dey, A. K., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2017). Creating Smart Buildings and Cities. IEEE PERVASIVE COMPUTING, 16(2), 23-25. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000404240600006&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=f41074198c063036414efcbc916f8956

Bailey-Ross, C., Gray, S., Ashby, J., Terras, M., Hudson-Smith, A., & Warwick, C. (2016). Engaging the museum space: Mobilizing visitor engagement with digital content creation. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, fqw041.

Foth, M., Hudson-Smith, A., & Gifford, D. (2016). Smart cities, social capital, and citizens at play: a critique and a way forward. In F. X. Olleros, & M. Zhegu (Eds.), RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON DIGITAL TRANSFORMATIONS (pp. 203-221). EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD.

O’Brien, J. R., Serra, M., Hudson-Smith, A., Psarra, S., Hunter, A., & Austwick, M. Z. (2016). Ensuring VGI Credibility in Urban-Community Data Generation: A Methodological Research Design. Urban Planning. doi:10.17645/up.v1i2.620

Mavros, P., Austwick, M. Z., & Smith, A. H. (2016). Geo-EEG: Towards the Use of EEG in the Study of Urban Behaviour. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 9(2), 191-212. doi:10.1007/s12061-015-9181-z

Sturdee, M., Coulton, P., Lindley, J., Stead, M., Ali, H., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2016). Design fiction: how to build a Voight Kampff machine. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. San Jose, CA, USA: ACM. doi:10.1145/2851581.2892574

Lindley, J., & Coulton, P. (2016). Pushing the Limits of Design Fiction: The Case For Fictional Research Papers. In 34TH ANNUAL CHI CONFERENCE ON HUMAN FACTORS IN COMPUTING SYSTEMS, CHI 2016 (pp. 4032-4043). CA, San Jose: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. doi:10.1145/2858036.2858446

Sailer, K., Koutsolampros, P., Austwick, M., Varoudis, T., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2016). Measuring Interaction in Workplaces. In N. S. Dalton, H. Schnädelbach, M. Wiberg, & T. Varoudis (Eds.), Architecture and interaction: Human Computer Interaction in space and place (pp. 135-159). London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht: Springer International Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.springer.com/gb/book/9783319300269

Foth, M., Hudson-Smith, A., & Gifford, D. (2016). Smart cities, social capital, and citizens at play: A critique and a way forward. In Research Handbook on Digital Transformations (pp. 203-222). doi:10.4337/9781784717766.00017

de Jode, M., Hudson-Smith, A., Mavros, P., Coulton, P., Huck, J., Roberts, J., & Powell, P. (2015). Showing mutual support through digital empathy badges. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (pp. 1-4). ACM.

Batty, M., Hudson-Smith, A., Hugel, S., & Roumpani, F. (2015). Visualising data for smart cities. In Handbook of Research on Social Economic and Environmental Sustainability in the Development of Smart Cities (pp. 339-362). doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8282-5.ch016

Huck, J., Coulton, P., Gullick, D., Powell, P., Roberts, J., Hudson-Smith, A., . . . Mavros, P. (2015). Supporting Empathy Through Embodiment in the Design of Interactive Systems. In Proceedings of the ninth international conference on tangible, embedded and embodied Interaction (TEI ’15) (pp. 528). New York: ACM. doi:10.1145/2677199.2687892

Koutsolampros, P., Sailer, K., Pomeroy, R., Zaltz Austwick, M., Hudson-Smith, A., & Haslem, R. (2015). Spatial databases: Generating new insights on office design and human behaviours in the workplace. In K. Karimi, L. Vaughan, K. Sailer, G. Palaiologou, & T. Bolton (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Space Syntax Symposium (pp. 23:1-23:16). London: Space Syntax Laboratory, Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL. Retrieved from http://www.sss10.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/SSS10_Proceedings_023.pdf

Gray, S., Milton, R., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2015). Advances in crowdsourcing: surveys, social media and geospatial analysis: towards a big data toolkit. In Advances in Crowdsourcing (pp. 163-179). Springer International Publishing.

Dauner, J. M., Karagozler, E., Glisson, M., Speed, C., Hartswood, M., Laurier, E., . . . others. (2014). Demo hour. interactions, 21(6), 8-11. doi:10.1145/2663310

Huck, J., Powell, P., Coulton, P., Roberts, J., Hudson-Smith, A., De-Jode, M., & Mavros, P. (2014). Designing for empathy in a church community.

Crooks, A. T., Hudson-Smith, A. P., Croitoru, A., & Stefanidis, A. (2014). The Evolving GeoWeb. In R. J. Abrahart (Ed.), Geocomputation (2nd ed., pp. 69-96). Florida: CRC Press.

Speed, C., Hartswood, M., Laurier, E., Maghee, S., de Jode, M. L., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2014). The Haggle-O-Tron: design intervention in secondhand retail. In Proceedings of the 2014 companion publication on Designing interactive systems (DIS Companion ’14) (pp. 137-140). New York, USA: ACM. doi:10.1145/2598784.2602802

Hudson-Smith, A. (2014). Smart cities, social networks and the Internet of Things. Unknown Journal, 123-133.

Batty, M., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2014). Visual Analytics for Urban Design.

Arabindoo, P. (2014). Urban design in the realm of urban studies. In M. Carmona (Ed.), Urban design primer: Explorations in urban design (pp. 47-58). Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing.

Hudson-Smith, A. (2014). Tracking, tagging and scanning the city. Architectural Design, 84(1), 40-47. doi:10.1002/ad.1700

Coulton, P., Huck, J., Hudson-Smith, A., Barthel, R., Mavros, P., Roberts, J., & Powell, P. (2014). Designing interactive systems to encourage empathy between users. Proceedings of the Conference on Designing Interactive Systems Processes Practices Methods and Techniques DIS, 13-16. doi:10.1145/2598784.2602770

Crooks, A., Hudson-Smith, A., Croitoru, A., & Stefanidis, A. (2014). 4 The Evolving GeoWeb. GeoComputation.

Hudson-Smith, A. (2014). 11 smart cities, social networks and the Internet of things. Explorations in Urban Design: An Urban Design Research Primer.

Milton, R. W., Gray, S., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2013). CyberGIS for analysing urban data. In MethodsNews (pp. 3). ESRC National Centre for Research Methods.

de Jode, M. L., Barthel, R., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2013). Tales of Things: interacting with everyday objects in an NFC world. In Interacting with Digital Media in Connected Environments Workshop, BCS HCI 2013. London. Retrieved from http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/conferences/internet_of_things_2013/Tales_of_Things.pdf

Gray, S., Warwick, C., Carnall, M., Ross, C., Hudson-Smith, A., & Terras, M. (2013). Enhancing museum narratives: Tales of things and UCL’s grant museum. In The Mobile Story Narrative Practices with Locative Technologies. Routledge.

Hudson-Smith, A. P. (2013). Tweeting Sheep Pig. In M. Carnall (Ed.), Unknown Book (pp. 80-81). Oxford, UK: Shire Publications Ltd. Retrieved from http://www.shirebooks.co.uk/store/Conversation-Pieces_9781782006510

Batty, M., Gray, S., Hudson-Smith, A., Milton, R. W., O Brien, O., & Roumpani, F. (2015). Visualizing spatial and social media.

Hudson-Smith, A., O’ Brien, O., & Roumpani, F. (2013). Creating, visualizing and modelling the real-time city. In Proceedings of Hybrid City II ‘Subtle rEvolutions. University of Athens: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.

Gray, S., Milton, R. W., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2013). Visualizing real-time data with an interactive iPad video wall. In MethodsNews (pp. 7). NCRM.

Batty, M., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2013). The liquid city. In Systemic Architecture Operating Manual for the Self Organizing City (pp. 18-20).

Ross, C., Carnall, M., Hudson-Smith, A., Warwick, C., Terras, M., & Gray, S. (2013). Enhancing museum narratives: Tales of things and UCL’s grant museum.

Schumacher, P., Batty, M., Hudson-Smith, A., & Weinstock, M. (2013). Discussions on Systemic Architecture. In Systemic Architecture Operating Manual for the Self Organizing City (pp. 13).

Barthel, R. A., De Jode, M., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2012). Approaches to interacting with digital object memories in the real world. In The 14th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp 2012). Pittsburgh, US.

Hudson-Smith, A., Gray, S., Ross, C., Barthel, R., de Jode, M., Warwick, C., & Terras, M. (2012). Experiments with the internet of things in museum space: QRator. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (pp. 1183-1184). ACM.

De Jode, M. L., Barthel, R., Rogers, J., Karpovich, A., Hudson-Smith, A., Quigley, M., & Speed, C. (2012). Enhancing the ‘second-hand’ retail experience with digital object memories. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (pp. 451-460). New York: ACM. doi:10.1145/2370216.2370284

Batty, M., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2012). Discussions on systemic architecture: the liquid city. In M. Poletto, & C. Pasquero (Eds.), Systemic architecture: operating manual for the self-organising city (pp. 18-20). Routledge.

Hudson-Smith, A. P. (2012). Visioning and Visualization: People, Pixels and Plans. Journal of Location Based Services, 6(4).

Hudson-Smith, A. (2012). Video: What is Web 3.0/crowdsourcing?.

Hudson-Smith, A. (2012). Geography in a Web 3.0 World.

Batty, M., Hudson-Smith, A., Neuhaus, F., & Gray, S. (2012). Geographic analysis of social network data. Proceedings of the AGILE 2012 International Conference on Geographic Information Science, 24-27.

Comber, A., Batty, M., Brunsdon, C., Hudson-Smith, A., Neuhaus, F., & Gray, S. (2012). Exploring the geography of communities in social networks. Proceedings of the GIS Research UK 20th Annual Conference, 33-37.

Jang, S. H., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2012). Exploring Mobile Augmented Reality Navigation System for Pedestrians. Proceedings of the GIS Research UK 20th Annual Conference GISRUK.

Gray, S., Ross, C., Hudson-Smith, A., Warwick, C., & Terras, M. (2012). Enhancing museum narratives with the QRator Project: a Tasmanian devil, a platypus and a dead man in a box.

Ross, C., Gray, S., Warwick, C., Hudson-Smith, A., & Terras, M. (2012). Engaging the museum space: Mobilising visitor engagement with digital content creation.

Speed, C., Burke, M., Hudson-Smith, A., Karpovich, A., Karpovich, A., O’Callaghan, S., & Rogers, J. (2012). Disrupting the Internet of Things.

Patel, A., & Hudson-Smith, A. (2012). Agent tools, techniques and methods for macro and microscopic simulation. In Agent-based models of geographical systems (pp. 379-407). Springer.

Barthel, R., Leder Mackley, K., Hudson-Smith, A., Karpovich, A., de Jode, M., & Speed, C. (2013). An internet of old things as an augmented memory system. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 17, 321-333.